Matanda: Iyo Musana weStainable Construction

Chii chinonzi Timbers?

Matanda, anowanzonzimatanda kana huni, ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuvaka. Yakatorwa kubva pamiti, matanda anga ari musimboti webudiriro yevanhu, achipa zvinhu zvakasvibirira zvekuvaka zvivakwa, fenicha, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa. Hunhu hwemukati hwematanda, sekusimba, kusimba, uye kukwezva kwerunako, anoaita sarudzo inodiwa mumaindasitiri akasiyana. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo yakagadzikana chimiro chematanda, kana akachekwa zvine hungwaru, anobatsira mukuzivikanwa kwawo se eco-inoshamwaridzika zvekuvaka.

Kukosha Kwematanda Mukuvaka

Sustainability uye Environmental Impact

Matanda anopembererwa nekuda kwekubatsira kwawo kwezvakatipoteredza. Sechishandiso chinogona kudzokororwazve, chinogona kukohwewa uye kudyarwa patsva, kuve nechokwadi chekupihwa kunoenderera pasina kupedza zviwanikwa. Miitiro yemasango ine mutoro inovimbisa kuti kuchekwa kwematanda hakuiti kuti masango agurwe asi kuti zvinosimudzira utano hwemasango uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu. Uyezve, kugadzirwa kwematanda kune yakaderera kabhoni tsoka kana zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvekuvaka senge kongiri nesimbi, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanakisa yemapurojekiti ekuvaka anoenderera.

Durability uye Simba

Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekushandiswa kwakapararira kwematanda mukuvaka isimba rawo uye kugara kwenguva refu. Kubatwa zvakanaka uye kuchengetwa,matanda s inogona kugara kwemakumi emakore, ichipa hwaro hwakasimba uye hwakavimbika hwezvivakwa. Mhando dzakasiyana dzehuni dzinopa huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuoma uye kusimba, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwavo mumhando dzakasiyana dzekuvaka, kubva pamatanda ezvimiro kusvika pauriri nedenga.

Kusiyana-siyana muMaapplication

Matanda anosiyana-siyana uye anogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana uye saizi. Inogona kutemwa, kuumbwa, uye kupedzwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvepurojekiti. Uku kuchinjika kunoita kuti matanda akwane kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekuvaka, kusanganisira kuumba, pasi, cabinetry, uye kunze kwekunze. Iyo inoyevedza kukwezva kwehuni, iine zviyo zvayo zvechisikigo uye magadzirirwo, zvakare inowedzera yakasarudzika runako kune chero chimiro, ichiwedzera dhizaini yayo yese uye kunzwa.

Mhando dzeMapango Nemashandisirwo Awo

Softwoods

Manyoro, akadai sepaini, fir, uye spruce, anowanzoshandiswa mukuvaka nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwavo uye nyore kugadzirisa. Aya matanda anowanzo kureruka uye kushoma pane matanda akaomarara, achiaita akanakira kuumbwa kwemaitiro uye mamwe maapplication uko uremu hunotariswa. Softwoods anoshandiswawo mukugadzira enjiniya zvigadzirwa zvehuni sengeplywooduyeoriented strand board(OSB), izvo zvakakosha mukuvaka kwemazuva ano.

Hardwoods

Miti yakaoma, yakadai semuouki, maple, uye cherry, yakaoma uye yakasimba kudarika softwoods. Iwo anowanzo shandiswa mukushandisa uko kusimba uye kupfeka kuramba kwakakosha, senge pasi, cabinetry, uye fenicha. Hardwoods anokosheswawo nehunhu hwawo hwekunakisa, ane mavara akapfuma uye akaomesesa ezviyo mapatani anowedzera kunaka uye kuomarara kunzvimbo dzemukati.

Engineered Wood Zvigadzirwa

Engineered hunizvigadzirwa, kusanganisira plywood,laminated veneer matanda(LVL ), uye cross-laminated timber (CLT), inopa simba rakawedzerwa uye kugadzikana zvichienzaniswa nematanda echinyakare. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvinogadzirwa nekubatanidza matanda ematanda pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti pave nezvinhu zvakasimba uye zvakatsiga kupfuura matanda akaoma. Engineered huni inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvaka, kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekugadzirisa kusvika kune zvekushongedza zvinhu.

Zvakanakira Kushandisa Mapango

Environmental Benefits

Mapango anobatsira mukuderedza carbon footprint yezvivakwa. Miti inotora carbon dioxide sezvainokura, uye carbon iyi inochengetwa mumatanda kunyange pashure pokunge yakohwewa uye kushandiswa mukuvaka. Izvi zvinoita kuti matanda ave zvinhu zvekuvakisa zvisina kabhoni. Uyezve, kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvematanda kunoda simba shoma pane kugadzirwa kwesimbi kana kongiri, zvichiwedzera kusimudzira kwavo kwezvakatipoteredza.

Utano uye Hupenyu

Zvivakwa zvakavakwa nematanda zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinokurudzira kunaka kwemweya wemukati uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanogara. Huni ine zvakasikwa insulating zvimiro, inobatsira kuchengetedza yakagadzika tembiricha yemukati uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvepo kwehuni munzvimbo dzemukati kwakabatanidzwa nekudzikisira kushushikana kwemazinga uye kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwepfungwa, kugadzira hutano hwakanaka uye nzvimbo dzekushanda.

Zvakanakira Zveupfumi

Matanda anopa mabhenefiti ehupfumi zvakare. Iwo anowanzo kudhurika kupfuura zvimwe zvekuvaka, kunyanya kana uchifunga nezvehupenyu hwavo hurefu uye kushoma kwekugadzirisa zvinodiwa. Iko kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwehuni kunobvumirawo kudhura-zvinobudirira dhizaini uye zvigadziriso zvekuvaka, kuderedza mari yeprojekiti yese.

Mapango Mukuvaka Kwemazuva Ano

Kugara Kwekuvaka Maitiro

Mukuvaka kwemazuva ano, kushandiswa kwematanda kunopindirana nemaitiro ekuvaka akasimba. Zvitupa zvekuvaka zvakasvibirira, senge LEED neBREAM, zvinocherekedza kushandiswa kwematanda akacheneswa zvine hungwaru uye zvinosimudzira kubatanidzwa kwayo muzvirongwa zvekuvaka. Nekusarudza matanda, vavaki nevagadziri vanogona kubatsira kune yakagadzikana uye ine hushamwari maitiro ekuvaka.

Innovation muTimber Construction

Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye mainjiniya kwakaunza kushandiswa kwematanda mukuvaka. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvematanda akawanda zvava kushandiswa mukuvaka zvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, zvichiratidza kugona kwehuni seimwe nzira inoshanda kune simbi uye kongiri. Mabhindauko aya haangoratidzi kusimba nekusiyana-siyana kwematanda asiwo anoratidza kugona kwayo kutsigira zvirongwa zvakakura zvekuvaka.

Architectural Dhizaini uye Aesthetics

Matanda anopa asingaenzaniswi dhizaini kuchinjika, achibvumira vagadziri kugadzira zvinooneka zvinokatyamadza uye zvivakwa zvinonzwika zvivakwa. Runako rwechisikigo rwehuni runosimudzira kukwezva kwechero chimiro, kugadzira inodziya uye inokoka nzvimbo. Kugona kweTimber kuumbwa nekupedzwa zviri nyore zvakare kunogonesa kuomesesa uye kwakasarudzika dhizaini yekuvaka, kusunda miganhu yezvivakwa zvemazuva ano.

Matanda muSustainable Architecture

Green Building Certification

Matanda anoita basa rakakosha mukuwana zvitupa zvekuvaka zvakasvibira. Masangano akadai seUS Green Building Council neBuilding Research Establishment (BRE) anokurudzira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogara zviripo, kusanganisira matanda, mukuvaka. Izvi zvitupa zvinobvuma zvakanakira nharaunda kushandisa huni, zvichikurudzira vavaki kutora matanda sechinhu chekutanga muzvirongwa zvavo. Nekubatanidza matanda, mapurojekiti anogona kuwana mapoinzi akananga kune zvitupa se LEED (Utungamiri muMagetsi neMagadzirirwo Ezvakatipoteredza) uye BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), inosimudzira kutengeswa kwechivako uye kuita kwezvakatipoteredza.

Timber Framing Techniques

Nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzira matanda dzakashanduka kwemazana emakore, dzichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka uku ichichengetedza kutendeseka uye kusimba kwezvivakwa zvehuni. Kugadzira matanda kunosanganisira kujoinha matanda mahombe emapuranga uchishandisa majoini netenon, mapegi, nedzimwe nzira dzechinyakare, kugadzira masisitimu akasimba uye anoyevedza. Iyi tekinoroji haingori mutsindo chete asiwo inobvumira nzvimbo dzakavhurika, dzinochinjika dzemukati, dzinokosheswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka kwazvino.

Zvitsva muTimber Technology

Muchinjikwa-Laminated Timber (CLT)

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) chiitiko chinokatyamadza mukuvaka matanda. CLT mapaneru anogadzirwa nekunamira matanda ematanda pamakona ekurudyi kune mumwe nemumwe, achigadzira chinhu chakasimba uye chakareruka. CLT mapaneru anogona kugadzirwa uye kuunganidzwa pane-saiti, zvakanyanya kuderedza nguva yekuvaka uye mutengo webasa. Simba uye kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kweCLT kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa, zvinosanganisira zvivakwa zvenhurikidzwa dzakawanda, zvikoro, uye nzvimbo dzekutengesa.

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) chimwe chigadzirwa chehuni chakagadziridza kuvaka matanda. LVL inogadzirwa nekubatanidza matanda akatetepa pamwe chete pasi pekupisa uye kumanikidzwa, zvichikonzera chigadzirwa chakasimba uye chisingachinjiki kupfuura huni hwakasimba. LVL inowanzo shandiswa matanda, misoro, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvekushandisa uko kusimba kwepamusoro uye kugadzikana kunodiwa. Kufanana kwayo uye kuvimbika kunoita kuti ive sarudzo yakasarudzika mune zvese zvekugara uye zvekutengesa kuvaka.

Zvakanakira Kuvaka Timber

Thermal Insulation uye Energy Efficiency

Matanda ane zvakanakisa kupisa kwemafuta ekudzivirira, anobatsira kuchengetedza kutonhorera kwemukati uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Wood's natural insulating kugona inodzikisira kudiwa kwekudziya kwekugadzira uye kutonhora, zvichibatsira kudzikira simba mabhiri uye diki kabhoni tsoka. Uye zvakare, matanda ehygroscopic zvivakwa anobatsira kudzora humidity yemukati, kugadzira hutano uye hunyoro hwekugara nharaunda.

Acoustic Performance

Matanda anopawo yepamusoro acoustic performance, ichiita kuti ive yakanakira zvivakwa zvekugara uye zvekutengesa. Iyo yakasikwa density uye cellular chimiro chehuni chinobatsira kutora ruzha, kuderedza ruzha uye kugadzirisa acoustic kunyaradza. Hunhu uhwu hunonyanya kubatsira muzvivakwa zvekugara, zvikoro, nenzvimbo dzehofisi, uko kudzikiswa kweruzha kwakakosha pakugara zvakanaka uye kubudirira.

Nyaya Dzidzo: Timbers in Action

Imba yedhorobha, London

Iyo Stadthaus muLondon muenzaniso wakanaka wekuvaka matanda. Seimwe yezvivakwa zvepasirese zvekugara zvakagadzirwa zvachose neCLT, inoratidza kugona kwematanda sechinhu chekutanga chekuvakisa. Kushandiswa kweCLT hakuna kungopa simba rechimiro chete asi kwakabatsirawo pakuita kwezvakatipoteredza kwechivako, kuwana kudzikiswa kwakanyanya mukubuda kwekabhoni uye kushandiswa kwesimba.

Brock Commons Tallwood House, Vancouver

Brock Commons Tallwood House paYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia chimwe chicherechedzo mukuvaka matanda. Iyi nhurikidzwa gumi nesere yekugara yevadzidzi inosanganisa CLT uye glulam (glued laminated timber) kugadzira chimiro chepamusoro-soro chinogoneka uye chinosimba. Iyo purojekiti inoratidza kugona kwematanda mukuvaka kwakakura, kumisa zviyero zvitsva zvekusimudzira uye hunyanzvi muindasitiri.

Matambudziko Neramangwana

Moto Resistance

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kunetsa pakuvaka matanda ndeyekudzivirira moto. Nekudaro, makodhi ekuvaka emazuva ano uye matekiniki epamberi einjiniya akagadzirisa nyaya iyi nemazvo. Matanda anogona kurapwa nemabhandi asingadziviriri moto, uye zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvakaita seCLT zvakaratidza kuita kwakanaka kwemoto mukuyedzwa. Kupisa kwehuni panguva yemoto kunogadzira chidziviriro chekudzivirira chinoderedza kuwedzera kupisa, kupa nguva inokosha yekubuda uye kutonga moto.

Kugamuchirwa Kwemusika uye Kuona

Nepo kuvaka kwemapuranga kuri kuwedzera kukurumbira, pachine matambudziko ane chekuita nekugamuchirwa kwemusika uye maonero. Kudzidzisa vavaki, vanogadzira, uye veruzhinji nezve mabhenefiti uye kugona kwematanda kwakakosha pakutorwa kwayo kwakawanda. Kuratidza kubudirira kwekuita kwematanda mumapurojekiti epamusoro-soro kunogona kubatsira kuchinja maonero uye kukurudzira kushandiswa kwakapararira kwechinhu ichi chakasimba.

FAQs

Mubvunzo: Matanda anobatsira sei pakuvaka kwakasimba maitiro? A: Mapango chinhu chinovandudzwa chinogona kukohwewa nekudyarwa patsva. Iyo ine yakaderera kabhoni tsoka kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu uye inobatsira mukudzikisa greenhouse gasi kubuda.

Mubvunzo: Ndezvipi zvakanakira kushandisa Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) mukuvaka? A: CLT inopa simba, kushandiswa, uye nyore kuungana. Inoderedza nguva yekuvaka uye mutengo, inopa yakanakisa kupisa kwemafuta, uye ine yakanaka yekudzivirira moto zvivakwa.

Mubvunzo: Matanda angashandiswa sei muzvivakwa zvakakwirira? A: Zvitsva muzvigadzirwa zvehuni zvakagadzirwa seCLT uye glulam zvinobvumira matanda kuti ashandiswe muzvivako zvepamusoro. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa simba rinodiwa uye kugadzikana kwekuvaka kukuru.

Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho anotorwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwemoto kwezvivako zvematanda? A: Mapango anogona kurapwa nemabhati asingadziviriri moto, uye zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvakagadzirwa seCLT zvakaratidza kuita kwakanakisa kwemoto. Kuvaka makodhi uye matekiniki einjiniya zvakare anovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwemoto.

Mubvunzo: Sei matanda achionekwa se eco-hushamwari zvekuvaka zvinhu? A: Mapango chinhu chinodzokororwa chinogona kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka. Inochengeta kabhoni, inoderedza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse, uye ine simba rezasi retsoka kana ichienzaniswa nezvinhu zvakaita sesimbi nekongiri.

Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa rinoitwa nematanda mukusimudzira kunaka kwemhepo yemukati? A: Mapango anobatsira kudzora humidity yemukati, achibatsira kune zvirinani mhepo uye hutano hwekugara nharaunda. Zvimiro zvayo zvechisikigo zvinoderedzawo kudiwa kwekudziya kwekugadzira uye kutonhora, kuvandudza kushanda kwesimba.